Glass precursor gel and methods to treat with microwave energy

ABSTRACT

A glass precursor gel and methods of melting the glass precursor gel are disclosed. The glass precursor gel contains a bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix that contains one or more synthesis byproducts. One method includes obtaining the glass precursor gel with the bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix having one or more synthesis byproducts, exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation, and heating and/or melting the glass precursor gel into a molten glass with the microwave radiation by way of the one or more synthesis byproducts.

This patent application discloses a glass precursor gel for making glass products and methods to treat the glass precursor gel with microwave energy.

BACKGROUND

Glass products have long been made from a pre-formulated feedstock (also sometimes termed a glass batch) that is charged into a glass furnace and melted to produce molten glass for subsequent formation into the desired glass product. A typical feedstock includes a physical mixture of virgin raw materials and, optionally, recycled glass materials known in the industry as “cullet.” The virgin raw materials contain quartz sand (crystalline SiO₂) and other ingredients, such as soda ash (Na₂CO₃) and limestone (CaCO₃) for soda-lime-silica glass, for example, and the cullet primarily contains shards of glass from previously-formed consumer or commercial glass products. The cullet component of the feedstock can vary based on the glass-forming process being practiced and the desired characteristics of the final glass product (e.g., color, transparency, etc.). In many instances, however, the feedstock may contain up to about 80 weight percent cullet, with the remainder being virgin raw materials which may or may not include, in addition to the ingredients listed above, a small percentage of other ingredients including glass network formers, network modifiers, colorants, decolorants, fining agents, and redox agents, to name but a few.

The residence time of the conventional glass feedstock in the glass furnace is relatively long. This can be attributed to several factors. First, the largest component of the virgin raw materials, quartz sand, and usually some of the other virgin raw material ingredients—e.g., soda ash and limestone for soda-lime-silica glass—are crystalline materials. Their crystal structures, including intermediate crystalline phases, are generally present up to about 1200° C., as melting and dissolution of these materials does not occur instantaneously. Second, the glass feedstock needs to be dispersed and homogeneously mixed by convection after being melted to produce molten glass, which is a time-consuming process. Quartz sand, in particular, takes the longest to disperse on account of its slow dissolution rate and the tendency to agglomerate into SiO₂-rich regions within the glass melt known as “cord.” The presence of cord is indicative of glass inhomogeneity and may result in imperfections or defects in the finished glass product. Third, some of the virgin raw material ingredients—e.g., soda ash and limestone for soda-lime-silica glass—are carbonate-containing materials that, when melted, release carbon dioxide (CO₂). The evolution of carbon dioxide during feedstock melting introduces bubbles in the resultant molten glass, which, in turn, can cause a thin spot or bubble defect in the finished glass product. Any such bubbles are typically removed from the molten glass in a process known as “refining the glass.” To address the challenges associated with melting and homogenizing crystalline raw materials and to remove bubbles caused by carbon dioxide evolution, among other factors, conventional glass feedstocks are usually subjected to high temperatures and heating times of 24 hours or more in the glass furnace in order to obtain suitably-refined and chemically homogenized molten glass.

The melting of the glass feedstock can be made less taxing if some of the virgin raw materials are replaced with cullet in the feedstock. The cullet accelerates the melting of the feedstock and lowers furnace energy consumption as compared to a feedstock that contains all virgin raw materials. Cullet has this effect because it has already been melted, mixed, and formed into a glass product and will not release carbon dioxide when re-melted since it is not an intrinsic carbonate-containing material. But cullet is not widely available as a commodity in some regions and, even if it is, bulk purchases of the recycled material are subject to great variations in color and other characteristics that may restrict glass manufacturing options. Post-consumer cullet also has the tendency to be contaminated with metals, glues, and other organics, and is sometimes difficult to uniformly mix with virgin raw materials in the glass furnace when melted. Moreover, even with the addition of cullet, current glass manufacturing practices still typically involve melting the glass feedstock and homogenizing/refining the molten glass in the glass furnace at a temperature of around 1400° C. or higher for at least about 24 hours. Such long processing times at elevated temperatures require a lot of energy and slow the overall glass-making process.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure embodies a number of aspects that can be implemented separately from or in combination with each other. One or more embodiments set forth in the present disclosure may achieve any of a variety of objectives including, for example, obtaining a glass precursor gel that can be melted without requiring long residence times in the glass furnace in order to achieve homogeneous and refined molten glass.

In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method of producing molten glass by, first, obtaining a glass precursor gel that has a bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix that contains one or more synthesis byproducts. In one example, these synthesis byproducts can be water and/or nitrate ions. After obtaining the glass precursor gel, the method includes exposing the glass precursor gel to electromagnetic radiation, such as radiation in the microwave range of wavelengths. After exposing the glass precursor gel to the radiation, the method includes melting the glass precursor gel into the molten glass with microwave radiation by way of the one or more synthesis byproducts.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method of producing molten glass by, first, obtaining a glass precursor gel that has a bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix that contains one or more synthesis byproducts. After obtaining the glass precursor gel, the method includes exposing the glass precursor gel to electromagnetic radiation, such as radiation in the microwave range of wavelengths, thus increasing the energy within the glass precursor gel which raises the temperature within the gel. The precursor gel may be exposed to the radiation at room temperature (e.g., 20° C. to 25° C.) or at any temperature of less than 500° C., (e.g., exposure temperature). Subsequently, the glass precursor gel melts in five minutes to four hours. A higher temperature (e.g., melting temperature) may be applied to the precursor gel while exposing the gel to radiation, further increasing the energy within the precursor gel and the rate of melting. In some cases, the glass precursor gel melts in ten minutes to 1 hour.

Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of the atoms or molecules in a material. Agitating the molecules in this way increases the temperature of the material. Thus, dipole rotation is one mechanism by which energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation can raise the temperature of a material. There are also many other mechanisms by which this conversion occurs.

Both the exposure and/or melting temperatures and the radiation exposure time sufficient to melt the gel are significantly lower than the temperatures and times required to melt a conventional glass feedstock, making these method(s) more energy efficient and reducing the carbon footprint of a manufacturing plant implementing one or more of these methods. Additionally, the methods discussed herein will produce no carbon dioxide or substantially no carbon dioxide from the raw materials as they are melted. This reduces the on-site carbon emissions of those utilizing this method as compared to those utilizing conventional glass melting furnaces.

In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method of producing a glass container, by, first, obtaining a glass precursor gel that has a bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix that contains one or more synthesis byproducts. After obtaining the glass precursor gel, the method includes exposing the glass precursor gel to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range of wavelengths for an exposure time sufficient to melt the glass precursor gel into a molten glass by way of the one or more synthesis byproducts. After exposing the glass precursor gel to radiation, the method includes forming the glass container from the molten glass.

In any of the methods described herein, the glass precursor gel can be formed by, first, obtaining a silicate solution having a soluble alkali silicate. In one example, the soluble alkali silicate can be a sodium silicate solution containing 25-40 wt. % sodium silicate. Second, the method includes combining the silicate solution with nitric acid to create nitrate ions in the silicate solution. Third, the method includes combining the silicate solution with an alkaline earth metal salt to form a wet precipitate. Fourth, the method includes removing any solvents from the wet precipitate to form the glass precursor gel comprising the bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix. In one example, the solvents are removed by drying the wet precipitate at a drying temperature of 120° C. The dried precipitate includes a residual amount of water, which is chemically-bound, and nitrate ions in the structure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure, together with additional objects, features, advantages and aspects thereof, will be best understood from the following description, the appended claims and the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram that depicts a first method of preparing and using a glass precursor gel;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram that depicts a second method of preparing and using the glass precursor gel, in particular a soda-lime-silica glass precursor gel;

FIG. 3 is a table listing several different possible compositions of the bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix of the glass precursor gel depending on the desired type of glass sought to be formed;

FIG. 4 depicts photographs of two glass precursor gels after undergoing microwave radiation in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the % transmittance versus wavelength of commercial flint glasses made from conventional soda-lime-glass feedstocks as well as a flint glass made from the SLS precursor gel discussed in this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A glass precursor gel, or type of synthetic cullet, that can be used as an alternative to traditional glass feedstock mixtures for deriving molten glass is disclosed. The glass precursor gel can be a type of synthetic cullet because it may have properties similar to cullet when melted, but is formed and processed in a very different manner. The glass precursor gel comprises a bulk amorphous (i.e., non-crystalline) oxide-based matrix characterized by an inorganic network of at least the primary constituent oxides of the final glass composition. The primary constituent oxides are present in the amorphous oxide-based matrix at the desired proportions of the final glass composition. More specifically, the primary glass-forming constituent oxides included in the amorphous oxide-based matrix are 30 mol % to 90 mol % silica and one or more of the following: (A) 0.1 mol % to 25 mol % of one or more alkali oxides (mol % is the sum total); (B) 0.1 mol % to 30 mol % of one or more alkaline earth oxides (mol % is the sum total); (C) 1 mol % to 25 mol % boric oxide (B₂O₃); (D) 5 mol % to 80 mol % lead oxide (PbO), or (E) 0.1 mol % to 15 mol % aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The one or more alkali oxides may be selected from the group consisting of lithium oxide (Li₂O), sodium oxide (Na₂O), potassium oxide (K₂O), rubidium oxide (Rb₂O), cesium oxide (Cs₂O), and combinations thereof, and the one or more alkaline earth oxides may be selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), strontium oxide (SrO), barium oxide (BaO), and combinations thereof. The glass precursor gel is similar to that disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/676,372, which is assigned to the assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additionally, this application relates to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/284,278, entitled “Glass Foam,” filed Oct. 3, 2016, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/284,286, entitled “Glass Coatings and Methods to Deposit Same,” filed Oct. 3, 2016, each of which are assigned to the assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

One illustrative example of forming the glass precursor gel is depicted in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a flow diagram 20 that depicts a first method of preparing the gel. In step 22, quartz sand having silica (SiO₂) 22 a, NaOH 22 b, and water 22 c are mixed together. In step 22, mixing the sand with caustic components (e.g., NaOH 22 b) causes the sand to be dissolved hydrothermally at moderate temperatures, as will be discussed further below. This chemical dissolution contributes to the final gel having reduced melting time. In step 28, these three components are added to a hydrothermal reactor. In step 32, these components are moved to a mixer, in which nitric acid (HNO₃) 30 and a soluble source of CaO 38 are added to form the oxide-based matrix. As discussed herein, additional components could be added to the mixer in step 32.

In one embodiment, the amorphous oxide-based matrix may include at least 60 mol % to 85 mol % silica (SiO₂), 8 mol % to 18 mol % sodium oxide (Na₂O), and 5 mol % to 15 mol % calcium oxide (CaO) as the primary constituent oxides, in which case the gel is composed to produce soda-lime-silica glass. In other embodiments, the glass precursor gel may be composed to produce other types of glass including borosilicate glass and lead sealing glass. Regarding borosilicate glass, the amorphous oxide-based matrix may include at least 30 mol % to 85 mol % silica and 0 mol % to 20 mol % boric oxide, along with at least one of 0 mol % to 30 mol % calcium oxide or 0 mol % to 20 mol % sodium oxide, as the primary constituent oxides depending on the anticipated end-use. Regarding lead sealing glass, the amorphous oxide-based matrix may include at least 30 mol % to 70 mol % silica, 15 mol % to 80 mol % lead oxide, and at least one of 3 mol % to 15 mol % potassium oxide, 2 mol % to 10 mol % sodium oxide, or 4 mol % to 10 mol % barium oxide, as the primary constituent oxides.

In addition to the primary constituent oxides, the amorphous oxide-based matrix may optionally include a number of secondary materials that are commonly used in the glass manufacturing industry. Examples of such secondary materials are up to 25 mol % total of other glass network-formers, up to 2 mol % total of coloring and/or decoloring agents, and up to 20 mol % total of other materials that can affect the physical properties and/or the redox state of the final glass product composition. Specific other glass network-formers that may be added include one or more of phosphorus oxide (P₂O₅) and germanium oxide (GeO₂). Specific colorants and decolorants that may be added include the elemental forms or oxide compound forms of one or more of selenium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, niobium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, gold, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, europium, gadolinium, erbium, and uranium. And specific materials that can affect the physical properties and/or the redox state of the glass include one or more of carbon (0 mol % to 3 mol %), nitrates (0 mol % to 3 mol %), selenium (0 mol % to 1 mol %), titanium oxide (TiO₂) (0 mol % to 5 mol %), arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) (0 mol % to 2 mol %), vanadium oxide (V₂O₅) (0 mol % to 5 mol %), fluorines (0 mol % to 2 mol %), chlorines (0 mol % to 2 mol %), and sulfates (0 mol % to 2 mol %).

The exact composition of the amorphous oxide-based matrix including the proportions of its primary constituent oxides and optional secondary materials can be varied to achieve any of the large variety of glass chemistries that may be desired in the final glass product. Both the physical and chemical properties of the resultant glass derived from the glass precursor gel can be affected by variances in the relative proportions of the primary constituent oxides as well as the inclusion or exclusion of certain secondary materials in the amorphous oxide-based matrix. For example, certain exemplary glass chemistry formulations of different types of finished glass are enumerated in FIG. 3. Accordingly, in order to derive these types of finished glass from the glass precursor gel, the amorphous oxide-based matrix can be prepared to have the same proportions of the primary constituent oxides and secondary materials so that, upon melting, a molten glass is obtained that can be formed by standard techniques into the glass product.

Within the amorphous oxide-based matrix, the primary constituent oxides and any secondary materials, which may or may not be present, are homogeneously chemically mixed (e.g., FIG. 1, mixing step 32). The term “homogeneously chemically mixed” and its grammatical variations, as used herein, means that multiple different samples of the gel will have the same mole percentages of the three primary constituent oxides present in the greatest amounts in the amorphous oxide-based matrix. Different samples can be said to have the same mole percentages of the three primary constituent oxides when the mole percent of each primary constituent oxide in each sample lies within a range of ±3% of the arithmetic average [i.e., (0.97)·(average)<sample<(1.03)·(average)] of its respective oxide as determined from the various samples taken. For example, five random, different samples of a glass precursor gel have been found through x-ray fluorescence to have the following mole percentages of the three main primary constituent oxides (here, silica, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide):

TABLE 1 Compositions of Samples Mole Percentage of: Sample # SiO₂ Na₂O CaO 1 72.3 14.2 12.1 2 72.2 14.1 12.2 3 71.8 14.2 12.5 4 72.1 14.1 12.4 5 72.5 13.9 12.3 Avg. 72.2 14.1 12.3

As can be seen, in this group of samples, the arithmetic average of silica, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide as determined from the five samples is 72.2 mol %, 14.1 mol %, and 12.3 mol %, respectively. The range of ±3% of the arithmetic average for each of the primary constituent oxides can then be calculated as 70.03-74.34 mol % for silica, 13.68-14.52 mol % for sodium oxide, and 11.93-12.67 mol % for calcium oxide. The mole percentage of each primary constituent oxide in each sample clearly falls within those prescribed ranges, and thus confirms that the amorphous oxide-based matrix of the glass precursor gel is homogeneously chemically mixed.

The amorphous oxide-based matrix of the present disclosure is different than a glassy polymer network or glassy polymer. Polymers are large molecules, or macromolecules, formed of repeating monomer subunits. Polymers often contain continuously linked backbone chains, made up primarily of carbon atoms. A polymer microstructure is formed by the physical arrangement or geometry of the monomer residues along the backbone chain.

Polymers can have the ability or tendency to form a glass or semicrystalline structure, made of the repeating monomer subunits. Due to their ability to form non-crystalline or amorphous solid structures and exhibit a glass transition when heated, polymers can be generally categories as glass structures, but these glassy polymer structures are distinguishable from traditional or conventional glass (e.g., silica glass) because of their monomer, organic networks. In one aspect, the glass precursor gel of the present application is not a glassy polymer or glassy polymer network with repeating, organic monomers.

Returning to FIG. 1, whichever components are chosen to form the mixture, upon mixing, these components form a slurry 34 (e.g., SLS slurry). In step 36, the slurry 34 is dried. This forms the glass precursor gel in step 40.

The amorphous oxide-based matrix is light, porous, and hygroscopic, which allows for an extending swelling agent, such as water, to be entrapped within the inorganic network of oxides. Indeed, water is typically retained in the glass precursor gel at a relatively high amount as compared to cullet. In particular, cullet evolves water vapor up to about 125° C. when heated at a rate of 5° C. per minute starting from STP (1 atm pressure and 20° C.), and is thoroughly dried for the most part at 150° C., which is typical of physically entrained water. On the other hand, the glass precursor gel continues to evolve water vapor—an additional 1-10 wt. %—above 125° C. and up to 400° C. when subjected to the same incremental heating, and may even retain as much as 0.5 wt. % water at 400° C., which is indicative of water that is chemically bound to amorphous oxide-based matrix as a swelling agent. The presence of retained chemically-bound water within the amorphous oxide-based matrix may be advantageous in some instances since it acts as a flux that lowers the processing temperature of molten glass, particularly at low temperatures. And despite the fact that the glass precursor gel typically includes chemically-entrained water within its amorphous oxide-based matrix, the glass precursor gel has a density of less than 2.0 g/cm³, preferably between 1.6 g/cm³ and 1.85 g/cm³, including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween, and a surface area of at least 20 m²/g, preferably about 25 m²/g to about 40 m²/g, including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween, as measured by nitrogen BET adsorption. The glass precursor gel is thus less dense and has a higher surface area than cullet. In some aspects, the density of the glass precursor gel is less than 600 m²/g.

In addition to the water, the gel may contain excess nitrate ions, NO₃ ⁻. As shown in FIG. 1, step 30, nitric acid is added to the mixture, which reacts with the additional components to form nitrate ions. As will be discussed further below, nitric acid can neutralize some of the sodium silicate into silicic acid and sodium nitrate. Additionally, nitrate ions are good microwave susceptors. These susceptors are materials that can absorb electromagnetic energy and convert that energy into heat (e.g., microwave energy). While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the inventors believe that the gel's susceptibility to microwave radiation, particularly at room temperature, is due at least in part to the presence of synthesis byproducts, for instance, residual water and nitrate ions in the gel.

Additional or alternative microwave susceptors include nickel oxide (Ni₂O₃ and/or NiO), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO₃)₂ and/or hydrates thereof), cobalt oxide (CoO, Co₂O₃, and/or Co₃O₄), manganese oxide (MnO, Mn₃O₄, Mn₂O₃, MnO₂, MnO₃, and/or Mn₂O₇), copper oxide (CuO and/or Cu₂O), iron oxide (Fe₂O₃ and/or Fe₃O₄), tungsten oxide (W₂O₃, WO₂, and/or WO₃), calcium aluminates (Ca_(x)Al_(y)O_(z)), carbon and carbon-containing compositions, silicon carbide (SiC), iron sulfide (FeS and/or FeS₂), copper sulfide (CuS), molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), and/or chromium nitride (CrN). These susceptors, alternatively or in addition to nitrate ions and/or water, can cause the precursor gel to be susceptible and heat when exposed to microwave radiation. Any or all of these susceptors can be introduced into the glass precursor gel during its synthesis, rather than being added after the glass precursor gel has been formed. As such, one or more of these components can be present in the glass precursor gel and as “synthesis byproducts.”

Once the precursor gel is formed, the gel is susceptible to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range of wavelengths. At temperatures below 500° C. or between 500° C. to 600° C. including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween, exposing the gel to microwave radiation increases the energy within the gel and subsequently raises the temperature within the gel. The glass precursor gel can be heated to below 500° C. directly after synthesis. This heating causes molecular motion within the gel's matrix, leading to an increase in kinetic energy within the gel and heating. Subsequently, microwave radiation can be used to continue heating and/or melting the gel at temperatures above 500° C., even above 1300° C. The synthesis byproducts within the gel can cause and/or contribute to heating and melting of the gel.

By comparison, cullet does not experience any heating with microwave radiation at temperatures below 500° C. or between 5000° C. to 600° C. Cullet, other types of formed glass, and/or sand, are not susceptible to microwave energy below 500° C. These temperatures do not create any (or create very little) molecular motion within cullet, sand, and the like, to cause kinetic energy and heating. In order for cullet, other types of formed glass, and/or sand to heat and/or melt, they must be pre-heated to above 500° C. to 600° C. before they can be susceptible to microwave radiation. For purposes of this disclosure “susceptible” is defined as capable of having its internal energy and temperature increased and/or being heated by microwave radiation. In most cases, pre-heating is performed with non-microwave radiation, for instance, in a gas-fired furnace, flame, electric furnace, and the like. However, the glass precursor gel does not require first being pre-heated and/or melted (i.e., a pre-heating step) to above 500° C. in order to be susceptible to microwave energy and heat at a heating temperature below 500° C. or between 500° C. to 600° C. The inventors found that because the glass precursor gel, or synthetic cullet, does not need to undergo a pre-heating step prior to being heated with microwave radiation at temperatures under 500° C., as opposed to conventional cullet which does require pre-heating above 500° C. in order to be microwave susceptible, this is an unexpected result.

Of course, it is also possible that the glass precursor gel could undergo a pre-heating step prior to heating via microwave radiation. After synthesizing or obtaining the gel, the gel could be pre-heated to temperatures less than or above 500° C. before exposing the gel to microwave radiation. This pre-heating step could be performed using microwave radiation or non-microwave radiation, for instance, conventional furnace, gas-fired furnace, flame, electric furnace, and the like.

Since microwave heating is generally faster than melting cullet and/or raw materials in a glass furnace, microwave heating as described herein can be faster than conventional methods. Microwave heating also causes less heat loss to the surrounding environment. It is also possible that microwave energy can be used to bring the glass precursor gel up to a certain heating temperature, and, subsequently, another source of energy can be used to heat and/or melt the glass precursor gel to a higher temperature (e.g., 1300° C. or more).

The composition of the glass precursor gel facilitates rapid heating and/or melting into molten glass while avoiding long residence times in the glass furnace. As discussed above, after obtaining the gel, the gel is treated or subjected to microwave radiation, which heats and/or melts the gel. Microwave radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 1 meter and 1 millimeter and a frequency between 300 megahertz and 300 gigahertz, including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween. Microwave radiation can be used to heat substances by causing the molecules within the material to vibrate, inducing kinetic energy that results in heat. Microwaves are able to penetrate through the entire glass precursor gel at once, as opposed to conventional furnace heating. Microwave heating induces heating within the total volume of the gel and contributes to faster heating. The gel melts by absorbing the microwave radiation and converting it to heat, forming a molten glass.

Under these conditions, the gel can be exposed to microwave radiation and/or melt in five minutes to four hours, including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween. In some cases, the gel can be exposed to microwave radiation and/or melt in 10 minutes to 1 hour. However, longer heating and/or melting times may be used. Additionally, the gel heats via, or by way of, microwave radiation at temperatures ranging between room temperature (e.g., 20° C.) to less than 500° C., including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween. This uses significantly less energy and takes less time than conventional glass feedstock melting. Additionally, the gel can be exposed to the microwave radiation or energy with the use of a waveguide and/or a stirrer to facilitate uniform heating of the gel.

In some aspects, the glass precursor gel does not include large quantities of crystalline materials and, most notably, the amorphous oxide-based matrix does not contain any crystalline precursor materials of silica such as, for example, quartz sand, as will be discussed further below. The absence of quartz sand is noteworthy here. Unlike conventional glass feedstocks that contain a fair amount of quartz sand, which generally has a slow dissolution rate, the glass precursor gel does not have to be maintained in a molten state at high temperatures for long durations in order to achieve satisfactory SiO₂ dissolution. Other crystalline materials that may be omitted during formation of the dried glass precursor gel are pre-melted glass, recycled glass, rock, clay, ore, and/or ash.

The amorphous oxide-based matrix also includes virtually no carbonate-containing materials and, as such, will produce no more than a negligible amount of CO₂ upon melting and hence substantially no CO₂ bubbles within the molten glass, although there may be bubbles from trapped air pockets, nitrate decomposition, and water evolution. For purposes of this disclosure, “substantially” means that a given quantity is no more than 10%, preferably no more than 5%, more preferably no more than 1%, of a comparison value (e.g., volumetric value in a molten or solidified state). For example, “substantially no” carbon dioxide means to reduce the volume of any remaining carbon dioxide such that the volume of the total glass gel precursor with any remaining CO₂ is no more than 10%, preferably no more than 5%, more preferably no more than 1% greater than the volume of the glass gel precursor alone. This could be measured either in the molten state or after gelation. The amount of any remaining CO₂ could also be compared to the volume of gas generated from melting raw materials from batch (sand, soda ash, limestone, and the like).

The molten glass obtained from the glass precursor gel therefore does not have to be refined by removing substantial amounts of entrained bubbles through extended heating times. Given that the amorphous oxide-based matrix is already homogeneously chemically mixed and does not contain crystalline precursor materials of the primary constituent oxides or more than an insignificant amount of carbonate-containing materials, the glass precursor gel does not have to be heated to as high of a temperature or maintained at an elevated temperatures for as long of a timeframe as conventional glass feedstocks in order to obtain a molten glass that is suitable for downstream processing into a glass product.

To be sure, as mentioned above, conventional soda-lime-silica glass feedstocks are typically melted in a furnace and maintained at 1400° C. or higher for at least about 24 hours in order to obtain a suitably refined and homogenized molten glass. The glass precursor gel set forth in the present disclosure does not require—although it certainly does not preclude—such heat cycle demands. The gel, in fact, can be heated to above its melting temperature for as little as 10 minutes and still result in molten glass that is refined, homogenized, and ready for further glass processing (e.g., fashioning into a glass container in an individual section machine). It is sufficient, for instance, to heat a soda-lime-silica glass precursor gel to around 500° C. for as little as 5 minutes to 4 hours to create molecular motion within the gel and raise the temperature. Alternatively, if a lower heating temperature is preferred, the soda-lime-silica glass precursor gel can be heated to around 25° C. for 1 hour. Each of these lower residence times constitutes a significant energy savings compared to the melting of conventional soda-lime-silica glass feedstocks. Subsequently, the gel can be heated to a higher temperature (1300° C. or more) with microwaves or an alternative energy source to fully melt the gel.

The glass precursor gel can be chemically synthesized. By doing so, the three rate-limiting steps of conventional glass making—dissolution of quartz sand, bubble removal, and homogenization/mixing of the primary constituent oxides—are accomplished at low temperatures by way of chemical reactions, not the standard procedure in which crystalline raw materials (and optionally some cullet) are physically mixed, melted, and maintained in a molten state to facilitate dissolution. Specifically, the glass precursor gel can be chemically synthesized at temperatures below 300° C., which is well below the melting point of quartz sand. And, once formed, the glass precursor gel can be melted into molten glass, which can then be formed into a glass product such as, for example, a glass container or flat glass or tableware, to name but a few. Such melting of the glass precursor gel can be attained more quickly than conventional glass feedstocks because the chemical synthesis of the homogeneously chemically mixed gel is conducted through chemical reactions outside of the glass furnace or other apparatus prior to melting. The low-temperature pre-melting chemical synthesis of the gel can ultimately lower the furnace energy consumption and reduce the infrastructure and furnace footprint attributed to each glass product produced.

The glass precursor gel can be chemically synthesized, as will be further described and demonstrated below in the context of a soda-lime-silica precursor gel, by precipitating the gel from a soluble alkali silicate. In general, a silicate solution containing the soluble alkali silicate is first prepared. One way to prepare the silicate solution, for example, is to hydrothermally dissolve quartz sand in a caustic aqueous alkali-based solvent. The ratio of SiO₂ to the alkali oxide in the alkali silicate can be adjusted in solution as needed. Next, the alkali silicate is precipitated out of solution with an alkaline earth salt to provide a wet precipitate that, by design, has the same proportions of the primary constituent oxides as the desired end-use glass composition. And finally, solvent may be removed from the wet precipitate to derive the glass precursor gel.

The glass precursor gel of the present disclosure does not require the use of a mold or similar vessel during formation. The glass precursor gel can be chemically synthesized as discussed above, and this synthesis does not require that the raw materials and/or resulting gel are contained, gelled, dried, confined, or otherwise placed within a mold or similar container during synthesis. While the gel and any resulting glass containers may be formed through the use of a mold or similar vessel, the glass precursor gel does not require a mold in order to be formed.

The glass precursor gel can be used to make a glass product as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2. There, the method of making a glass product is illustrated, and described in the corresponding text, specifically in the context of using one type of the glass precursor gel-namely, a soda-lime-silica (“SLS”) glass precursor gel. The method is identified by reference numeral 10 and includes the following steps: obtaining the SLS glass precursor gel (step 12); melting the SLS glass precursor gel into molten glass (step 14); and forming the molten glass into a glass product (step 16). The method is preferably used to form glass containers such as bottles and jars. These types of containers may include a glass body that defines an interior for holding some content. The interior is typically accessible from a mouth that is located at one axial end of the glass body. The mouth may be constructed to receive a cap or lid. Other types of glass products may of course be made from the SLS glass precursor gel besides containers. While the method shown and described with reference to FIG. 2 is focused on the preparation and use of a SLS glass precursor gel, those skilled in the art will know and understand how to adapt the following teachings to other types of glass precursor gels such as gels composed to produce, for example, borosilicate glass or lead sealing glass.

The SLS glass precursor gel is comprised of a bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix that includes at least silica (SiO₂), sodium oxide (Na₂O), and calcium oxide (CaO) as the primary constituent oxides, and chemically-entrained water as the extending swelling agent. The amorphous oxide-based matrix of the SLS glass precursor gel, for example, preferably comprises 60 mol % to 85 mol % silica, 8 mol % to 18 mol % sodium oxide, and 5 mol % to 15 mol % calcium oxide. The amorphous oxide-based matrix may also optionally include up to about 10 mol % combined of aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide (MgO), and/or potassium oxide (K₂O) as additional primary constituent oxides, and any of the other secondary materials recited above including other glass-network formers, colorants such as iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), other agents (e.g., oxidizers, reducers, fining agents, etc.), and impurities common in the glass industry. Moreover, as described above, water is chemically-entrained within the amorphous oxide-based matrix such that, when the gel is heated at a rate of 5° C. per minute starting from STP (1 atm pressure and 20° C.), water vapor continues to evolve above 125° C. and up to 400° C., and may even retain as much as 0.5 wt. % water at 400° C. The SLS glass precursor gel is porous and friable, having a density of less than about 2.0 g/cm³ and a surface area greater than about 20 m²/g, as described above, and the components that make up the amorphous oxide-based matrix are already homogenously chemically mixed prior to being melted in step 14.

The SLS glass precursor gel can be obtained in step 12 in numerous ways. In one embodiment, as depicted here in FIG. 2, the SLS glass precursor gel is obtained by (1) providing a silicate solution that includes a dissolved soluble alkali silicate (e.g., sodium silicate) (step 12 a); (2) combining the silicate solution with nitric acid to create nitrate ions in the silicate solution (step 12 b); and (3) combining the silicate solution with an alkaline earth metal salt (e.g., soluble calcium salt) to derive a wet precipitate that has same proportions of the primary constituent oxides as the amorphous oxide-based matrix of the SLS glass precursor gel (step 12 c). A specific implementation of steps 12 a-12 c will be described below in more detail. It should be understood, however, that the SLS glass precursor gel can also be obtained through other mechanisms not expressly described, but nonetheless known to skilled artisans, including alternative ways to provide the silicate solution in step 12 a such as by purchasing the silicate solution or chemically preparing the solution by melting a mixture of quartz sand and soda ash and then dissolving the resultant product in water.

The silicate solution can be provided in step 12 a by hydrothermally dissolving quartz sand in a caustic aqueous sodium-based solvent. The caustic aqueous sodium-based solvent may be a strong sodium base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is preferably concentrated to greater than 10 wt. % (of the sodium base) so as to make dissolution of the quartz sand easier. One example of a suitable strong sodium base is 18 wt. % NaOH. The hydrothermal dissolution of quartz sand may be accomplished in a pressure vessel at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. There, the quartz sand may be dissolved in the caustic aqueous sodium-based solvent at a temperature between about 25° C. and about 300° C., including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween, preferably between about 200° C. and about 300° C., and a pressure of about 10 atmospheres to about 100 atmospheres, including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween, preferably about 30 atmospheres to about 50 atmospheres, over the course of about 3 hours to less than 24 hours, including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween. The silicate solution formed under these hydrothermal conditions contains a dissolved solids phase of sodium silicate. The dissolved sodium silicate produced has the general chemical formula Na₂O.xSiO₂ with x ranging from 1.5 to 3.75, including all ranges, subranges, and values therebetween.

While the dissolved sodium silicate can be produced under various pressures, this dissolution process may occur without utilizing a gas stream (e.g., helium and/or hydrogen gas) in the place of air. The dissolved sodium silicate and the resulting glass precursor gel can be formed without using a helium and/or hydrogen gas stream.

The ratio of Na₂O to SiO₂ in the dissolved sodium silicate may have to be adjusted to ensure the amorphous oxide-based matrix of the SLS glass precursor gel has the proper mole percentages of silica, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide. In particular, the mole percent proportions of the primary constituent oxides listed above can be met when the amorphous oxide-based matrix has a molar ratio of Na₂O:CaO:SiO₂ of approximately 1:1:6 with variances between 0.8:0.8:6 and 1.4:1.3:6 being acceptable for typical container glass. The dissolved sodium silicate in the silicate solution, however, typically includes 2-3 moles of Na₂O for every 6 moles of SiO₂. To adjust the molar ratio of Na₂O to SiO₂, if necessary, a multiple-step technique may be employed. First, the molar ratio of Na₂O to SiO₂ in the dissolved sodium silicate may be reduced with an acid. Nitric acid (HNO₃), for example, can be added to the silicate solution in a quantity that neutralizes some of the Na₂O to bring the molar ratio of Na₂O to SiO₂ in the dissolved sodium silicate down to approximately 2:6. Nitric acid neutralizes sodium silicate into silicic acid (SiH₄O₄) and sodium nitrate (NaNO₃). A further reduction of the molar ratio of Na₂O to SiO₂—down to approximately 1:6—is achieved in step 12(c) when, as will be explained in more detail below, sodium is displaced by calcium.

Other primary constituent oxides and secondary materials that may be desired in the amorphous oxide-based matrix of the SLS glass precursor gel may be added into the silicate solution during step 12 a as a solid or they may be dissolved in water prior to their addition into the solution. Some other materials that may be added into the silicate solution include aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, potassium oxide, iron oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, barium oxide, strontium oxide (SrO), sulfur trioxide (SO₃), and oxides of selenium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, and lead. Aluminum oxide, in particular, which enhances the chemical durability of soda-lime-silica glass and reduces the tendency of devitrification in the molten glass, may be introduced by adding an alumina-bearing mineral to the caustic aqueous sodium-based solvent along with quartz sand under hydrothermal conditions. Adding the alumina-bearing material at this time results in aluminum oxide being chemically integrated into the dissolved sodium silicate during hydrothermal dissolution of the quartz sand. Some examples of alumina-bearing minerals that may be used here are nepheline syenite, aplite, and calumite slag. The aluminum oxide may also be introduced into the silicate solution in the form of dissolved sodium aluminate.

The list of secondary materials that may be introduced into the silicate solution during step 12 a is more extensive than those just mentioned. Colorants and decolorants may be added such as one or more of iron oxides (e.g., FeO and/or Fe₂O₃), chromium oxides (e.g., CrO or Cr₂O₃), cobalt oxides (e.g., CoO or Co₂O₃), nickel, copper, selenium, manganese dioxide, cerium oxide, titanium, and a combination of sulfur, iron, and carbon. Another class of secondary materials that can be added to the silicate solution is fining agents such as, for example, the combination of sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), carbon, arsenic oxide, and antimony oxide. Still further, oxidizers or reducers can be added to the silicate solution to modify, if desired, the redox number of the molten glass derived from the SLS glass precursor gel. Examples of common oxidizers and reducers include calcium sulfate (CaSO₄), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), potassium nitrate (KNO₃), iron pyrite (FeS₂), and graphite.

After the silicate solution has been formulated in step 12 a, nitric acid is added in step 12 b to introduce nitrate ions in the solution. As discussed above, these ions contribute to neutralizing a portion of the sodium silicate into silicic acid (SiH₄O₄) and forming sodium nitrate (NaNO₃). Additionally, these nitrate ions are believed to increase the gel's susceptibility and receptibility to being heated and/or melted with microwave radiation.

In step 12 c, the soluble alkaline earth metal (e.g., calcium salt) may be added to the silicate solution to derive a wet precipitate that has same proportions of the primary constituent oxides (e.g., silica, sodium, and calcium) desired in the amorphous oxide-based matrix of the SLS glass precursor gel. This step involves adding the soluble calcium salt to the silicate solution in an amount that brings the molar ratio of Na₂O:CaO:SiO₂ in the wet precipitate to approximately 1:1:6, which is the desired molar ratio of the amorphous oxide-based matrix and, in turn, the soda-lime-silica glass produced from the SLS glass precursor gel. The soluble calcium salt may include, for example, calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂), calcium chloride (CaCl₂)), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) or any other soluble calcium salt or combination of soluble salts that provides a source of calcium ions. When added to the silicate solution, the calcium ions provided by the soluble calcium salt displace sodium in the dissolved sodium silicate, thus introducing calcium oxide into the silicate, which causes the newly-modified sodium silicate to precipitate out of solution as the wet precipitate. And since every 1 mole of calcium ions (which results in a corresponding mol of CaO) displaces 1 mole of Na₂O in the dissolved sodium silicate, the amount of the soluble calcium salt that needs to be added to the silicate solution to provide the wet precipitate with the 1:1:6 molar ratio of Na₂O:CaO:SiO₂ can be easily calculated based on the molar ratio of Na₂O:SiO₂ in the silicate solution from step 12 a.

The displacement of Na₂O with CaO, and the precipitation of the wet precipitate, is preferably carried out with the silicate solution being as concentrated as possible. It has been found, in fact, that as the dissolved sodium silicate becomes more dilute in the silicate solution, the amount of Na₂O in the wet precipitate decreases while the amounts of SiO₂ and CaO are not similarly affected. This, in turn, can increase the respective mole percentages of SiO₂ and CaO in the wet precipitate, potentially beyond what is acceptable, due to the isolated loss of Na₂O. The potential for the unintended loss of Na₂O during step 12 c can thus be countered by performing step 12 with a concentrated silicate solution. A suitably concentrated silicate solution may comprise at least 5 wt. % sodium silicate at the end of step 12 a and, more preferably, between 25 wt. % and 40 wt. % sodium silicate at the end of step 12 a.

The phenomenon of isolated Na₂O loss from the wet precipitate based on the concentration of the silicate solution has been demonstrated in a simple experiment. Specifically, four separate samples of 281 grams of STAR-grade sodium silicate were diluted with 0 L, 1 L, 2 L, and 3 L of water. Each solution of the sodium silicate was then precipitated with 34.5 grams of calcium nitrate dissolved in 500 mL of water. An SLS glass precursor gel was obtained from each sample, melted and formed into glass, polished, and then analyzed with x-ray fluorescence to determine its glass chemistry composition. Assuming 100% ion exchange efficiency between Na and Ca, the nominal composition of the four samples of glass reported as mol % fractions of the total primary constituent oxides should be about 72.2 mol % SiO₂, 15.8 mol % Na₂O, and 12.0 mol % CaO. But, as shown below in table 2, the Na₂O mole percentage of the glass (and thus the amorphous oxide-based matrix of the SLS glass precursor gel that formed the glass) began to decrease as the dissolved sodium silicate became more dilute prior to precipitation with calcium nitrate, while the undiluted sample retained nearly all of the Na₂O.

TABLE 2 Effects of Dilation on Sodium Oxide Content Composition (mol %) as a fraction of the total primary glass-forming oxides SiO₂ Na₂O CaO Nominal 72.1 15.9 12.0 Sodium 0 70.4 15.7 12.5 Silicate 1 72.0 14.1 12.1 Dilution (1) 2 72.1 10.3 15.6 3 72.8 8.9 16.5

The SLS glass precursor gel can be derived from the wet precipitate in step 12 c by removing the liquid solvent. Removal of the liquid solvent can be achieved by any number of separation techniques. Centrifugation, membrane osmosis, filter press, screw press, chemical separation, and/or mechanical compounding (i.e., squeezing) are notable examples of ways to separate the liquid solvent from the wet precipitate. The remaining solids-which have been chemically prepared in steps 12 a to 12 c to have the desired glass chemistry formulation of soda-lime-silica glass—may then be dried. Drying can be performed in a convection oven at moderate temperatures of about 100° C. to about 500° C., for example, or it can be performed in any other suitable manner at conditions sufficient to extract residual solvent from the recovered solids. In one example, the drying temperature is 120° C. Rinsing of the recovered solids between solvent removal and drying may optionally be performed to wash away any reactants and/or reaction byproducts. When the liquid solvent has been satisfactorily removed, the SLS glass precursor gel remains, and at this point the gel is ready to be used as a feedstock for making glass products according to steps 14 and 16.

The SLS glass precursor gel is melted into molten glass in step 14. In one aspect, the glass precursor gel, including the bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix that contains one or more synthesis byproducts, is obtained. After obtaining the glass precursor gel, the method includes exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation. As stated above, the gel can be heated with microwaves at heating temperatures of less than 500° C. After exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation, the method includes melting the glass precursor gel into the molten glass with the microwave radiation. Now, the temperature can be raised to the gel's melting temperature. The molten glass can be formed into any type of glass container known in the art. During the method, the glass container is not exposed to the microwave radiation or energy. As described herein, it is the gel that heats and melts based on microwave energy. Additionally, the gel can be free of any radioactive material, such as plutonium and/or uranium. Such radioactive material is not thought to be necessary to heat or melt the gel with the microwave energy.

FIG. 4 illustrates one example of melting of the gel with microwave radiation. Both Samples A and B are of the glass precursor gel prepared according to the above-described method, using a residential microwave (1250 Watts). Specifically, Sample A depicts the gel being formed with nitric acid. Contrastingly, Sample B was made under the same experimental conditions as Sample A, with the exception that hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used instead of nitric acid. Both samples were heated with microwave radiation for 10 minutes. As depicted, Sample A is partially melted in the center of the crucible 50, depicted with dotted box 54, whereas Sample B in crucible 52 does not appear affected by the microwave radiation at all.

FIG. 5 is helpful in quantifying the tendency of the SLS glass precursor gel to produce flint glass without the blue/green tint. There, the transmittance profile of three samples of soda-lime-silica glass is depicted: two commercial samples produced from virgin crystalline raw materials and one sample produced from the SLS glass precursor gel. The iron content expressed as wt. % Fe₂O₃ (not a metric of the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ratio) of the two samples produced from crystalline raw materials (samples A and B) and the sample produced from the SLS glass precursor gel (sample C) were measured by x-ray fluorescence and are set forth in table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Iron Content of Samples Expressed as wt. % Fe₂O₃ Sample Glass Source wt. % Fe₂O₃ A Conventional Crystalline Raw Materials 0.016 B Conventional Crystalline Raw Materials 0.041 C SLS Precursor Gel 0.042

As shown in the table above and the graph in FIG. 3, the soda-lime-silica glass obtained from the SLS glass precursor gel, which has 0.042 wt. % iron as Fe₂O₃, is akin to flint glass derived from conventional crystalline raw materials that has 0.016 wt. % iron as Fe₂O₃ in the 600-1200 nm spectral range. The suppression of Fe²⁺ absorption in the glass obtained from the SLS glass precursor gel (sample C), again, is thought to be caused by residual sodium nitrate that is either trapped in the pores of the amorphous oxide-based matrix of the SLS glass precursor gel or chemically bound to the amorphous oxide-based matrix, despite the repeated separation, rinsing, and drying steps that may be carried out after step 12 c. Nitrate is a known oxidizer, giving off oxygen upon heating, thus changing the redox state of iron and hence its spectral transmission.

In conjunction with the above description, the container may be produced by the following glass container manufacturing process, which may or may not include all of the disclosed steps or be sequentially processed or processed in the particular sequence discussed, and the presently disclosed manufacturing process and marking methods encompass any sequencing, overlap, or parallel processing of such steps.

First, batch of glass-forming materials may be melted with microwaves described herein. Thereafter, the molten glass may be cooled in a cooling zone, conditioned in a conditioning zone, or similar process in order to be formed. The glass may be formed into containers, for example, by forming machines, which may include press-and-blow or blow-and-blow individual section machines, or any other suitable forming equipment. Blank molds may receive the glass and form parisons or blanks. Blow molds may receive the blanks from the blank molds and form the blanks into glass containers. Material handling equipment may remove the glass containers from the forming machines and place the containers on conveyors or the like.

Also, the formed glass containers may be annealed, for example, by an annealing lehr. During this period of time, one or more coatings may be applied to the containers. Through the lehr, the temperature may be brought down gradually to a downstream portion, cool end, or exit of the lehr, to a temperature therein, for example, on the order of 65-130° C.

There thus has been disclosed a glass precursor gel and methods of heating or melting the precursor gel with microwave energy, that fully satisfies one or more of the objects and aims previously set forth. The disclosure has been presented in conjunction with several illustrative embodiments, and additional modifications and variations have been discussed. Other modifications and variations readily will suggest themselves to persons of ordinary skill in the art in view of the foregoing discussion. For example, the subject matter of each of the embodiments is hereby incorporated by reference into each of the other embodiments, for expedience. The disclosure is intended to embrace all such modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of producing molten glass, the method comprising: obtaining a glass precursor gel comprising a homogeneously chemically mixed bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix that contains one or more synthesis byproducts, the bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix having an inorganic network of primary constituent oxides comprising 30 mol % to 90 mol % silica and one or more of the following: (A) 0.1 mol % to 25 mol % of one or more alkali oxides in sum total, (B) 0.1 mol % to 25 mol % of one or more alkaline earth oxides in sum total, (C) 1 mol % to 20 mol % boric oxide, (D) 5 mol % to 80 mol % lead oxide, or (E) 0.1 mol % to 10 mol % aluminum oxide, and wherein the lass precursor gel does not include sand and radioactive material; exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation so that the glass precursor gel heats by way of the microwave radiation; and melting the glass precursor gel into the molten glass with the microwave radiation by way of the one or more synthesis byproducts.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of: obtaining a silicate solution containing a soluble alkali silicate; combining the silicate solution with nitric acid to create nitrate ions in the silicate solution; after combining the silicate solution with nitric acid, combining the silicate solution with an alkaline earth metal salt to form a wet precipitate; and removing any solvents from the wet precipitate to form the glass precursor gel comprising the bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of obtaining a silicate solution comprises the silicate solution containing 25-40 wt. % sodium silicate.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of combining the silicate solution with nitric acid comprises the nitric acid neutralizing a portion of the sodium silicate into silicic acid (SiH₄O₄) and sodium nitrate (NaNO₃).
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of obtaining a glass precursor gel comprises the glass precursor gel having a density of less than 2.0 g/cm³ and a surface area of at least 20 m²/g.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation comprises the microwave radiation having a wavelength between 1 meter and 1 millimeter and a frequency between 300 megahertz and 300 gigahertz.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation comprises exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation for a duration of five minutes to 4 hours.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation comprises using one of a waveguide and a stirrer for uniform heating.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of melting the glass precursor gel into the molten glass produces substantially no carbon dioxide.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of melting the glass precursor gel into the molten glass comprises the glass precursor gel absorbing the microwave radiation and converting it to heat.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of melting the glass precursor gel into the molten glass comprises the molten glass having a molar ratio of the one or more alkali oxides to the one or more alkaline earth oxides to the silica of 0.8:0.8:6 to 1.4:1.3:6.
 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising pre-heating the glass precursor gel at a pre-heating temperature of less than 500° C. before the step of exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the method does not include pre-heating the glass precursor gel after the step of obtaining a glass precursor gel and before the step of exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation.
 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming a glass container from the molten glass.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of obtaining a glass precursor gel comprises obtaining the glass precursor gel free of plutonium and uranium.
 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of obtaining a glass precursor gel comprises the inorganic network of primary constituent oxides having 60 mol % to 85% silica, 8 mol % to 18 mol % sodium oxide, and 5 mol % to 15 mol % calcium oxide, and wherein the glass precursor gel does not include soda ash.
 17. A method of producing a glass container, the method comprising: obtaining a glass precursor gel comprising a bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix that contains one or more synthesis byproducts, the bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix having an inorganic network of primary constituent oxides comprising 30 mol % to 90 mol % silica and one or more of the following: (A) 0.1 mol % to 25 mol % of one or more alkali oxides in sum total, (B) 0.1 mol % to 25 mol % of one or more alkaline earth oxides in sum total, (C) 1 mol % to 20 mol % boric oxide, (D) 5 mol % to 80 mol % lead oxide, or (E) 0.1 mol % to 10 mol % aluminum oxide, and wherein the glass precursor gel does not include sand and radioactive material; exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation for an exposure time to melt the glass precursor gel into a molten glass by way of the one or more synthesis byproducts; and forming the glass container from the molten glass.
 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising pre-heating the glass precursor gel at a pre-heating temperature of less than 500° C. before the step of exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the step of exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation comprises the exposure time being five minutes to four hours.
 20. A method of producing molten glass, the method comprising: obtaining a glass precursor gel comprising a bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix that contains one or more synthesis byproducts, and wherein the glass precursor gel does not include radioactive material, the bulk amorphous oxide-based matrix having an inorganic network of primary constituent oxides comprising 30 mol % to 90 mol % silica and one or more of the following: (A) 0.1 mol % to 25 mol % of one or more alkali oxides in sum total, (B) 0.1 mol % to 25 mol % of one or more alkaline earth oxides in sum total, (C) 1 mol % to 20 mol % boric oxide, (D) 5 mol % to 80 mol % lead oxide, or (E) 0.1 mol % to 10 mol % aluminum oxide, and wherein the glass precursor gel does not include sand; and exposing the glass precursor gel to microwave radiation such that the glass precursor gel heats by way of the microwave radiation at a heating temperature of less than 500° C.; and melting the glass precursor gel into the molten glass. 